Electrification

What is Electrification & Why Does it Matter?

Residential electrification refers to the transition from traditional fossil fuel-based energy sources to electricity for powering various aspects of your home. This includes heating, cooling, cooking, water heating, and transportation. It involves adopting electric-powered appliances and systems — such as electric heat pumps, induction cooktops, electric vehicles, and smart home technologies — to replace or complement existing fossil fuel-dependent equipment. Let’s explore some reasons that electrification is a crucial step in your decarbonization journey.

Mythbuster: Moving the Smokestack: However, the grid is rapidly being transitioned to renewables and research has shown that electrification reduces overall greenhouse gas emissions, including here in Michigan.

Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions

The residential sector accounts for a significant portion of greenhouse gas emissions, primarily from fossil fuel combustion for space heating, water heating, and cooking. Electrifying homes and shifting to electricity generated from renewable sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power helps reduce carbon emissions, mitigating climate change and promoting environmental sustainability.

Efficient Appliances

Electric appliances and systems are becoming increasingly energy-efficient compared to their fossil fuel counterparts. Heat pumps, for example, can provide both heating and cooling more efficiently than traditional HVAC systems powered by natural gas or oil. By electrifying residential energy use, households can improve energy efficiency and reduce overall energy consumption, further contributing to decarbonization efforts.

Renewable Energy Integration

Electrification facilitates the integration of renewable energy sources into the grid. With advancements in renewable energy technologies and declining costs, electricity generated from solar, wind, and other renewables is becoming more accessible and affordable. By electrifying homes, residents can leverage clean energy sources to power their daily activities, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and supporting the transition to a renewable energy future.

Electrification Rebate + Incentive Opportunities: Ann Arbor Decarbonization Rebates,Energy Efficiency Tax Credit, Michigan Home Electrification + Appliance Rebate Program. Learn more about opportunities to save on decarbonization projects on our Rebates, Incentives, and Financing Page!

Health Benefits

Electrification offers potential health benefits by reducing indoor air pollution associated with burning fossil fuels indoors. Traditional combustion-based heating and cooking methods can release harmful pollutants — such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds — contributing to indoor air quality issues and respiratory problems. Switching to electric appliances eliminates these sources of indoor pollution, creating healthier indoor environments for you and your family.

Technological Innovation

The transition to residential electrification drives innovation in clean energy technologies and promotes the development of smarter, more efficient appliances and systems. From grid-connected smart thermostats to electric vehicle-charging infrastructure, electrification opens up opportunities for technological advancements that enhance energy efficiency, reliability, and affordability in residential settings.

Typical Residential Electrification Improvements

Electrical Panels

Many (but not all) of the upgrades below may require an upgrade to your home’s overall electrical capacity. All of your home’s power comes through the electrical panel, also known as the breaker box, service panel, or distribution board. Some systems will require additional capacity and/or a dedicated circuit or outlet. Understanding your existing capacity (with an electrician’s help) will help you plan projects. If you are upgrading your panel, you may want to consider getting a smart panel that allows you to better monitor and manage your loads. This functionality is especially helpful if you have a home battery storage system, but can help anyone understand their consumption and save money based on Time of Use utility pricing.

Space Heating and Cooling Systems

In many homes, heating systems are powered by fossil fuels, such as natural gas or propane, which are major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. As the electrical grid continues to become cleaner via the transition to renewable energy resources, “electrifying” heating and cooling systems at home can result in a significantly reduced carbon footprint and dependence on fossil fuels.

Electric Heat Pumps

Electric heat pumps are highly efficient alternatives to traditional heating and cooling systems. They work by transferring heat between indoor and outdoor environments, providing both heating in the winter and cooling in the summer. By absorbing and moving existing heat rather than creating heat, heat pumps can be up to three times more energy-efficient than conventional furnaces. However, the cost of electrical energy is generally higher than the cost of natural gas, so there is a common (and valid) concern that switching from a furnace to a heat pump might increase energy costs during colder weather. As such, weatherizing a home properly (with air sealing and insulation) and making sure heat pump systems are properly sized and designed, are essential for minimizing operational costs upon electrifying a home’s HVAC. The specifics of each home will differ, and user behavior also comes into play, so make sure proper conversations are had with installers to ensure the most effective switch.

Ducted Air Source Heat Pumps: Air Source Heat Pumps extract heat from outside air during the heating season and release it indoors. In the cooling season, they operate in reverse, removing heat from indoor air and releasing it outisde. Conventional Air Source Heat Pumps are most energy-efficient for heating in moderately cold temperatures but can struggle to work efficiently and meet demand when temperatures drop. Cold Climate Heat Pumps are a type of Air Source Heat Pump designed to work efficiently even in the coldest times of winter, making them viable as a primary heating source here in Michigan.
Hybrid Heat Pumps (Dual Fuel): Hybrid heat pump systems combine an electric heat pump with a traditional gas furnace or boiler. These systems automatically switch between the heat pump and the backup heating source based on outdoor temperatures or electricity prices, optimizing for efficiency while delivering continuous comfort.
Ductless Mini-Split Heat Pumps: Ductless mini-split systems consist of an outdoor compressor unit and one or more indoor air-handling units, connected by refrigerant lines. They are ideal for homes without ductwork or for room-by-room heating and cooling control. Mini-split heat pumps offer flexibility in zoning and can be more energy-efficient than traditional HVAC systems.
Water Source Heat Pumps (WSHP): WSHPs transfer heat to or from a water source, such as a nearby pond, lake, or well, using water as the medium of heat exchange. They are commonly used in commercial buildings but can also be installed in residential properties with access to a suitable water source.

Geothermal Systems

Geothermal systems have emerged as a compelling solution to reduce carbon emissions and transition away from fossil fuel-dependent heating and cooling. Geothermal systems harness the Earth’s natural heat to provide highly efficient heating, cooling, and hot water for homes. Though these systems offer long-term energy savings and environmental benefits, it’s important to acknowledge the upfront costs associated with residential geothermal systems. This initial investment can be substantial due to expenses related to system installation, including drilling for the ground loop. However, tax credits exist to offset this cost, and geothermal systems generally boast operational costs that are less than any other option.

Installing residential geothermal involves several steps. First, a qualified professional assesses a property’s suitability and determines the optimal system size and configuration. Next, drilling equipment is used to create boreholes or trenches for the ground loop, which circulates a water-based solution to exchange heat with the Earth. The geothermal heat pump unit is then installed indoors, connecting to the ground loop and the home’s distribution system for heating, cooling, and hot water.

Note: The City of Ann Arbor is currently exploring the opportunity to develop networked, or shared, geothermal systems for the community. Stay up to date on this work and learn more here.

Hot Water Heating

Switching from natural gas to electric hot water heating offers a potentially significant reduction in carbon emissions while also contributing to indoor air quality in homes. Electric hot water heaters, particularly heat pump models, boast higher energy efficiency compared to traditional gas heaters, resulting in reduced energy consumption and lower utility bills. This shift also ensures improved indoor air quality and safety, eliminating the need for on-site combustion and venting associated with natural gas appliances. Electric hot water heaters come in various types, each offering unique benefits and considerations to suit different household needs. Here’s a brief overview of the different types:

Electric Storage Tank Water Heaters

These are the most common type of electric hot water heaters, consisting of an insulated tank that stores heated water until needed. They are available in a range of sizes to accommodate varying household demands and typically offer a straightforward installation process. Though they may have lower upfront costs compared to other types, energy efficiency can vary, and standby heat loss from the tank may lead to higher operating expenses over time.

Tankless (On-Demand) Water Heaters

Tankless electric water heaters heat water directly as it passes through the unit, providing an endless supply of hot water on demand without the need for a storage tank. They are compact in size and can be wall-mounted to save space. Tankless water heaters offer the advantage of energy efficiency because they only heat water when needed, reducing standby heat loss and potentially lowering energy bills. However, they may have higher upfront costs and may require upgrades to electrical wiring to handle the increased electrical load.

Heat Pump Water Heaters

Heat pump water heaters utilize heat pump technology to extract heat from the surrounding air or ground and transfer it to the water in the tank. They are highly energy-efficient and can significantly reduce energy consumption compared to traditional electric resistance water heaters. Heat pump water heaters are an excellent choice for households seeking long-term energy savings and environmental benefits, although they may have higher upfront costs and require adequate space for installation.

Solar Water Heaters with Electric Backup

Solar water heaters harness sunlight to heat water, reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions associated with water heating. Though primarily powered by solar energy, they may also include an electric backup system to ensure hot water availability during periods of low sunlight or high demand. Solar water heaters with electric backup offer a sustainable and reliable solution for homeowners looking to reduce their reliance on grid electricity while still maintaining consistent hot water supply. However, they may require additional upfront investment for solar panel installation and backup system integration.

Appliances

Electrifying other home appliances has the combined benefit of giving you access to higher-efficiency products while also improving health and safety within your home. Upgrading to equipment that can do the same job using less energy reduces your overall consumption, and removing gas from your home, both burned and unburned, adds peace of mind regarding potential health concerns. Additionally, electrifying all systems within your home paves the way for powering everything with renewable energy sources.

Electric Cooking

Switching to electric cooking appliances (stoves and ovens) can significantly reduce the carbon footprint associated with cooking activities and eliminate the adverse health effects that come from cooking with gas. By operating more efficiently and on cleaner energy, electric cooking allows us to decarbonize this segment of the energy consumption pie. On a health and safety note, indoor cooking gas can contain carcinogens, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and formaldehyde. These pollutants, released directly into our own living spaces, are linked with respiratory problems and cardiovascular disease.

Induction cooking is a modern, energy-efficient method of cooking that utilizes electromagnetic induction to heat cookware directly. Unlike traditional gas or electric cooktops, which rely on thermal conduction to transfer heat to the cookware, induction cooktops generate heat directly in the cookware itself. This process occurs when an electric current passes through a coil beneath the ceramic glass surface of the cooktop, creating a magnetic field. When compatible ferrous (magnetic) metal cookware, such as cast iron or magnetic stainless steel, is placed on the cooktop, the magnetic field induces electrical currents in the cookware, generating heat and quickly heating the cooking vessel. This method keeps the cooktop much cooler, reducing the risks of burns. Induction cooking offers several advantages, including faster heating times, precise temperature control, and greater energy efficiency, making it a popular choice for modern kitchens seeking convenience and decarbonization.

Clothes Washing and Drying

Washing: Washing machines are electrically powered, but it is still worth thinking about the extent to which you need hot water, and where that hot water comes from. Research has shown that cold water produces sufficiently clean results for typical laundry loads. For any loads that require warm or hot water, consider the options described above as an electrified source of water heating.

Drying: There are two categories of electric clothes dryers available. Conventional electric dryers and heat pump clothes dryers. Conventional electric dryers offer the benefit of electrification but may be less energy efficient than gas models due to lower temperatures of heat. Therefore, heat pump clothes dryers are the preferred option, being electric and highly efficient, They concentrate heat from surrounding air as opposed to producing their own.

Note: Combined units exist that have a washer and heat pump dryer all in one, a good choice for when space is limited.

Transportation

Electric Bikes

An electric bike (e-bike) operates by combining pedal power with an electric motor, helping riders pedal. This dual-mode propulsion system makes cycling easier and more accessible to a wider range of people, including those with physical limitations or varying levels of fitness. From reducing your environmental impact and improving urban mobility to promoting physical activity and saving money, e-bikes present a compelling case for embracing a more sustainable mode of transportation over cars.

E-bikes produce zero tailpipe emissions, making them a more environmentally friendly mode of transportation. By replacing car trips or reducing the need for motorized transportation, e-bikes help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, contributing to cleaner air and mitigating climate change.

The benefits of e-bikes also extend beyond environmental considerations. They offer a practical solution to many of the challenges associated with urban transportation, including traffic congestion, parking limitations, and rising fuel costs. With an e-bike, you can navigate through congested city streets with ease, bypassing gridlock and arriving at your destination faster and more efficiently than you thought possible.

Electric Vehicles (EVs)

As the electricity grid becomes increasingly powered by renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, EVs are becoming an increasingly environmentally friendly option as opposed to internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. In addition to the decarbonization benefits, there are other reasons to consider switching to an EV.

EVs produce zero tailpipe emissions, reducing air pollution and improving air quality. This has significant health benefits, particularly for those living in densely populated areas where air pollution is a concern. EVs are often more energy-efficient than traditional internal combustion engine vehicles, meaning they require less energy to travel the same distance. EVs are quieter and smoother to drive, providing a more comfortable and enjoyable driving experience. Finally, from an economic standpoint EVs typically have lower operating costs due to lower fuel and maintenance expenses, saving drivers money in the long run.

EV Charging

If you are considering the transition to an electric vehicle, you’ll want to consider installing an EV charger at your home for added convenience. There are three levels of EV charging, ranging by voltage and charging speed. Level 3 is the highest voltage, reserved for public charging stations. Level 2 requires a special 240-volt outlet, and is a typical choice for home charging. Level 1 works with any standard 110-volt wall outlet, but involves a slower charging time.

Installing a Level 2 EV charger at home typically involves engaging a licensed electrical contractor who will determine an appropriate location for the charger, considering factors such as proximity to the electrical panel, accessibility for the vehicle, and local building codes. The contractor will also assess the home’s electrical system to determine whether any upgrades or modifications are necessary to support the charging station’s power requirements. This may involve upgrading the electrical panel, running new wiring to the charging location, and installing a dedicated circuit for the charging station.

Once the electrical work is completed, the charging station is mounted on a suitable wall or pedestal, connected to the electrical circuit, and tested for proper functionality.

Electrification Tips

Michigan Saves Contractor Database

Michigan Saves is a non profit green bank that offers financing on building-efficiency projects. It keep a database of “badged” contractors on its site, which is a great place to search for leads on pros who can help source and install the electrified systems described above.

Tips on what to expect when talking with contractors

Not all home heating and cooling contractors are created equal when it comes to electrification. Make sure when talking to contractors that you ask about the experience they’ve had working with the specific improvement you are requesting.
Transitioning your appliances from gas to electric will likely require you to have an up-to-date electrical panel and wiring. A contractor and/or electrician will be able to help you determine whether you need to consider any electrical upgrades in advance of new appliances.